8. RESTRUCTURING, IMPAIRMENT AND PLANT CLOSING COSTS 

As of  September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued restructuring and plant closing costs by type of cost consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

As of  September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued restructuring and plant closing costs of our three operating segments as well as Corporate and other consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

Details with respect to cash and noncash restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs from continuing operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are provided below (dollars in millions):

Restructuring Activities

Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, our Performance Products segment implemented a restructuring program to close its European maleic anhydride manufacturing facility in Moers, Germany and to reduce other organizational structure costs. During the third quarter of 2025, this program was further expanded for additional site closure costs. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $92 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily related to workforce reductions, contract terminations and approximately $81 million for the impairment of assets, including approximately $14 million of goodwill, related to the closure of the facility. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $2 million through the first quarter of 2026, primarily related to a site closure.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, our Polyurethanes segment implemented a restructuring program to reduce organizational structure costs. During the second quarter of 2025, this program was further expanded to optimize its European business organization. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $45 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily related to workforce reductions and accelerated depreciation. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $16 million through 2027, primarily related to workforce reductions, accelerated depreciation and site closures.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2024, our Advanced Materials segment implemented a restructuring program to optimize the segment’s manufacturing processes and cost structure in the U.S. to better align with future market opportunities. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $1 million and $12 million during the nine months ended  September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $6 million through 2027, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and workforce reductions.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring program to further realign our cost structure with additional restructuring in Europe. This program was associated with all of our segments and included exiting and consolidating certain facilities, workforce relocation to lower cost locations and further personnel rationalization. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded a credit of approximately $2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to adjust the restructuring reserve that was no longer required, and we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $4 million during the nine months ended  September 30, 2024, primarily related to site closures.