12. RESTRUCTURING, IMPAIRMENT AND PLANT CLOSING COSTS

As of  December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, accrued restructuring costs by type of cost consisted of the following (dollars in millions): 

Details with respect to our reserves for restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs by segment are provided below (dollars in millions):

Details with respect to cash and noncash restructuring charges from continuing operations by initiative for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are provided below (dollars in millions):

RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring program to further realign our cost structure beyond the current in-progress cost optimization programs with additional restructuring in Europe. The new program includes exiting and consolidating certain facilities, workforce relocation to lower cost locations and further personnel rationalization. In connection with this program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $12 million through 2023.

Beginning in the third quarter of 2022, our Corporate function implemented restructuring programs to optimize our global approaches to leveraging managed services in various information technology functions and to align and optimize our supply chain and EHS processes and systems. In connection with these restructuring programs, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $1 million through 2023. 

Beginning in the first quarter of 2021, our Corporate function implemented a restructuring program to optimize our global approach to leveraging shared services capabilities. During the second quarter of 2022, this program was further expanded to include additional geographies. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $15 million and $16 million for the years ended  December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $1 million through 2023.

Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, our Polyurethanes segment implemented a restructuring program to optimize its downstream footprint. During the second quarter of 2022, this optimization program was further expanded to include the entire Polyurethanes business. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $10 million, $7 million and $12 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During 2022, this net expense primarily related to workforce reductions. During 2021, this net expense primarily related to workforce reductions and accelerated depreciation, partially offset by a gain on the sale of assets of approximately $3 million. During 2020, this expense primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $4 million through 2023.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, our Advanced Materials segment implemented restructuring programs in connection with the CVC Thermoset Specialties Acquisition, the alignment of the segment’s commercial organization and optimization of the segment’s manufacturing processes. In connection with these restructuring programs, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $8 million, $10 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During 2022 and 2021, this net expense primarily related to accelerated depreciation. During 2020, this net expense primarily related to workforce reductions and accelerated depreciation. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $3 million through the end of 2023.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, our Polyurethanes segment implemented a restructuring program to reorganize its spray polyurethane foam business to better position this business for efficiencies and growth in coming years. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to workforce reductions and accelerated depreciation. 

Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, our Performance Products segment implemented a restructuring program, primarily related to workforce reductions, in response to the sale of our Chemical Intermediates Businesses to Indorama. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $4 million for the year ended December 21, 2020.